Last data update: May 06, 2024. (Total: 46732 publications since 2009)
Records 1-4 (of 4 Records) |
Query Trace: Treffiletti A[original query] |
---|
Cruise ship travel in the era of COVID-19: A summary of outbreaks and a model of public health interventions.
Guagliardo SAJ , Prasad PV , Rodriguez A , Fukunaga R , Novak RT , Ahart L , Reynolds J , Griffin I , Wiegand R , Quilter LAS , Morrison S , Jenkins K , Wall HK , Treffiletti A , White SB , Regan J , Tardivel K , Freeland A , Brown C , Wolford H , Johansson MA , Cetron MS , Slayton RB , Friedman CR . Clin Infect Dis 2021 74 (3) 490-497 BACKGROUND: Cruise travel contributed to SARS-CoV-2 transmission when there were relatively few cases in the United States. By March 14, 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a No Sail Order suspending U.S. cruise operations; the last U.S. passenger ship docked on April 16. METHODS: We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks on cruises in U.S. waters or carrying U.S. citizens and used regression models to compare voyage characteristics. We used compartmental models to simulate the potential impact of four interventions (screening for COVID-19 symptoms; viral testing on two days and isolation of positive persons; reduction of passengers by 40%, crew by 20%, and port visits to one) for 7-day and 14-day voyages. RESULTS: During January 19-April 16, 2020, 89 voyages on 70 ships had known SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks; 16 ships had recurrent outbreaks. There were 1,669 RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and 29 confirmed deaths. Longer voyages were associated with more cases (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 1.10, 95% CI: 1.03-1.17, p < 0.0001). Mathematical models showed that 7-day voyages had about 70% fewer cases than 14-day voyages. On 7-day voyages, the most effective interventions were reducing the number of individuals onboard (43-49% reduction in total infections) and testing passengers and crew (42-43% reduction in total infections). All four interventions reduced transmission by 80%, but no single intervention or combination eliminated transmission. Results were similar for 14-day voyages. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks on cruises were common during January-April 2020. Despite all interventions modeled, cruise travel still poses a significant SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk. |
CrAssphage as a novel tool to detect human fecal contamination on environmental surfaces and hands
Park GW , Ng TFF , Freeland AL , Marconi VC , Boom JA , Staat MA , Montmayeur AM , Browne H , Narayanan J , Payne DC , Cardemil CV , Treffiletti A , Vinjé J . Emerg Infect Dis 2020 26 (8) 1731-1739 CrAssphage is a recently discovered human gut-associated bacteriophage. To validate the potential use of crAssphage for detecting human fecal contamination on environmental surfaces and hands, we tested stool samples (n = 60), hand samples (n = 30), and environmental swab samples (n = 201) from 17 norovirus outbreaks for crAssphage by real-time PCR. In addition, we tested stool samples from healthy persons (n = 173), respiratory samples (n = 113), and animal fecal specimens (n = 68) and further sequenced positive samples. Overall, we detected crAssphage in 71.4% of outbreak stool samples, 48%-68.5% of stool samples from healthy persons, 56.2% of environmental swabs, and 60% of hand rinse samples, but not in human respiratory samples or animal fecal samples. CrAssphage sequences could be grouped into 2 major genetic clusters. Our data suggest that crAssphage could be used to detect human fecal contamination on environmental surfaces and hands. |
Notes from the field: Multiple cruise ship outbreaks of norovirus associated with frozen fruits and berries - United States, 2019
Rispens JR , Freeland A , Wittry B , Kramer A , Barclay L , Vinje J , Treffiletti A , Houston K . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020 69 (16) 501-502 From July to September 2019, cruise line X experienced sudden, unexplained outbreaks (>3% of the passenger population) of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) among passengers on 10 cruise ships sailing in Europe. The rapid onset of vomiting and diarrhea followed by recovery within 24 hours were consistent with norovirus infection. Investigations by the cruise line throughout the summer yielded no clear source of the outbreaks even after extensive food testing. On September 18, 2019, CDC’s Vessel Sanitation Program (VSP) was notified of an outbreak of AGE on cruise ship A of cruise line X, sailing into U.S. jurisdiction (defined as passenger vessels carrying ≥13 passengers sailing to the United States from a foreign port) from Germany to New York City (1). By the end of the 19-day voyage on September 23, a total of 117 of 2,046 (5.7%) passengers and eight of 610 (1.3%) crew members met the case definition for AGE (three or more loose stools within a 24-hour period or more than normal for the patient, or vomiting plus one other sign or symptom including fever, diarrhea, bloody stool, myalgia, abdominal cramps, or headache). Four stool specimens were collected and tested for norovirus at CDC’s National Calicivirus Laboratory; three tested positive for norovirus by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). No outbreak source was determined after a field investigation by a VSP team on September 22. |
Evaluation of a new environmental sampling protocol for detection of human norovirus on inanimate surfaces
Park GW , Lee D , Treffiletti A , Hrsak M , Shugart J , Vinje J . Appl Environ Microbiol 2015 81 (17) 5987-92 Inanimate surfaces are regarded as key vehicles for the spread of human norovirus during outbreaks. The ISO-method 15216 describes the use of cotton swabs for environmental sampling from food surfaces and fomites for the detection of norovirus GI and GII. We evaluated the effect of virus drying times (1, 8, 24, 48 h), different swab materials (cotton, polyester, rayon, macrofoam and antistatic wipe), different surfaces (stainless steel and toilet seat) and swab surface area (25.8 cm2 to 645.0 cm2 on the recovery of human norovirus. Compared to the other swabs, macrofoam had the highest recovery of norovirus from surfaces up to 645cm2. Recovery ranged from 2.2 -36.0% for virus seeded on stainless steel coupons (645.0 cm2) to 1.2 - 33.6% from toilet seat surface (700 cm2) with a detection limit of 3.5 and 4.0 log10 RNA copies. We used macrofoam swabs to collect environmental samples from several case cabins and common areas from a cruise ship where passengers had reported viral gastroenteritis symptoms. Seventeen (18.5%) of 92 samples tested positive for norovirus GII and 4 samples could be sequenced and had identical GII.1 sequences. The viral load of the swab samples from the cabins of the sick passengers ranged from 80 to 31,217 RNA copies compared 16 to 113 RNA copies for the swab samples from public spaces. In conclusion, our swab protocol for norovirus may be a useful tool in addition to testing of clinical specimens for outbreak investigations when no clinical samples are available to confirm the etiology. |
- Page last reviewed:Feb 1, 2024
- Page last updated:May 06, 2024
- Content source:
- Powered by CDC PHGKB Infrastructure